Human right to water - 3575 Words

Human right to water (Term Paper Sample) Content: Human right to water Number: Course: Date: 1 Executive Summary In 2010 July, the UN consented to a novel resolution asserting the human right to clean and safe drinking water as well as sanitation. 120 countries voted in support of the decree; 41 (mainly developed) nations refrained plus there were nil "no" votes. Most developing countries are dedicated to enhancing access to safe and clean water, as well as appropriate sanitation structures for the impoverished human inhabitants of the world. The implication of the right to water is essential, and can narrowly be overemphasized, and therefore, the relevance of ethics to utilization of water and water management is well-defined in a broad sense. It is vital for everybody involved in water resource management to possess a well-reasoned perception of the moral obligations and values, which match that significance. Within the field of ethics, queries of scientific expertise come accompanied by facets of cultural perception and meaning and; queries of sanitation, health promotion, as well as conserv ation come with questions of human rights, equity, and justice; while questions of biodiversity and sustainability come with queries of democratic control, policy, and law. The consequential ethical theories such as utilitarianism state that actions that bring more value are correct and those that do not are incorrect. Utilitarianism supports the right to water since it believes that the right to water brings more value to the community than harm. The justice theory (which entails Justice, equity, and fairness) support an action if the action entails doing the right thing. In this case, they support equity in human right to water since it is the just thing to do. There is a need of governing water at all the pertinent levels, to guarantee a balanced water consideration by valuing the human entitlement to water, especially for the extremely deprived inhabitants both in rural and urban areas. 1 Water as a human entitlement 2.1 Introduction In current days, the accessibility to safe and clean water for simple individual necessities seems to be progressively considered as a major human right accepted by international law, though in many instances not openly, unlike other rights, for instance, the right to shelter, life, food as well as health and welfare, and shield against malnutrition and disease (Shaw, Barry Sansbury 2009, p. 130). In fact, only two global conventions openly acknowledge the human entitlement to water: the UN's 1989 Convention on Child Rights (article 24) as well as the UN's 1979 convention on the eradication of all types of bias against women (article fourteen). Before this, surprisingly, only the 1949 Geneva Convention (article 26) recognized human right to water (to war prisoners!). This is, certainly, rather startling as the accessibility to safe water appears to be a requirement that permits numerous other rights, for instance, food, life and health (Crane 2007, p. 100). Nonetheless, it appears this challenge is increasingly being modified. It is not startling to observe the rights to water being progressively mentioned in global declarations and national constitutions. An obvious turning point about this matter was the backing in 2002 by one fifty three Countries of General Comment Number 15 to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights international covenant. It is one of the fundamental human rights accords that are being supervised in the UN's human rights system framework ((Alzola 2008, p. 278). The General Comment no. 15 clearly respects the water rights as a necessary requirement to the delight of other human entitlements, affirming that the right to water sanctions everybody to safe, acceptable, adequate, physically accessible as well as reasonably priced water for domestic and personal uses. A sufficient volume of clean water is essential to avoid death from lack of fluids, lessen the threat of water interrelated disease, as well as provide for cooking, consumption, domestic and personal hygienic requirements (Howell 2010, p. 22). The record of the qualities of water that are encompassed within the human right to water, as stated above, is noteworthy. Embracing the definition afforded by the UN, the characteristics include sufficient-adequate quantity consistent with international rules (this normally means 40-50 Liters/day per individual, with a conclusive minimum of twenty Liters); acceptable and safe, namely safe for every usage (meeting incredibly high requirements when utilized for drinking), as well as of a standard color, odor and flavor; physically accessible, namely within secure physical reach- in the house or close to the household; and reasonably priced, namely not to affect a person's capacity to purchase other vital goods (Alzola 2008, p. 278). The human right to water likewise explicitly embraces the privilege to sanitation. Regarding this idea, General Comment no. 15 directs that countries have a duty to widen safe sanitation services, particularly to rural, as well as underprivileged urban areas, in view of children and women. Indeed, the human right to water plus to sanitation is closely related (Bakker 2007, p. 443). The water rights, especially as they connect to quality of water, cannot be guaranteed without sufficient sanitation. Additionally, the sanitation right cannot be attained without accessibility, on a recurring basis, to a modicum water amount. Sanitation and water are, in point of fact, two sides of a coin. Furthermore, they are to a great extent connected to the education and hygiene rights since disease transmission may still transpire even when sanitation and water facilities are set up. Presently, the water right is mostly acknowledged at the global level, as well as is seen as an essential human dignity facet. Obviously; however, in numerous nations, much is yet to be accomplished for its recognition at the state level. The unwillingness of some administrations to undertake the law of water rights is frequently linked to the financial intricacies linked with its employment. Many leaders are still scared that acknowledging the water rights implies that water has to be provided at no cost. Water provision does not need to be free of charge, but it must be accessible, safe, sufficient, and inexpensive. The recognition of the water right principle means that water must be deemed as an economic good and a social good (Shaw, Barry Sansbury 2009, p. 130). In advanced nations, the compensation of water provision and sanitation costs by the consumers appears to be progressively accepted. Even within these nations; however, some sets, for instance, those living within particular urban poor or rural areas, might find it hard to shoulder the full expense of the costs linked to their consumption of water for sanitary and domestic uses. There has to be unity or redistribution methods through which the wealthy societies in a nation or expanse will participate to guarantee minimum amounts of safe and clean water provision to the underprivileged community members. Water services payments should be centered upon equity criteria, guaranteeing that they are less costly to all, as well as the underprivileged groups as well. Evidently, if funding of sanitation and water supply is supposed to originate only from state reserves, there are just two options for generating funds: tax payers or water users. In the circumstance of developing nations, the f unding of sanitation and water supply to all, such as abiding by the Millennium Development Goals requirements, may demonstrate to be impracticable if the alternative is the national funds only. In this circumstance, the usage of resources from external suppliers, for example, Official Development Assistance resources may prove essential (Shaw, Barry Sansbury 2009, p. 388). Historically, the usage of such intercontinental aid resources has been rather ineffective since the resources invested have been misused, used in constructing water supply structures that are not appropriately maintained once they start operating, plus they are often misplaced because of venality. The water consumers profiting from these resources should be restrained by incentive systems directed to the effectual utilization of water, averting its contamination and waste (Bakker 2007, p. 443). Funding strategies need to be more motivated but also must be better regulated. Especially, any part of investment into the water infrastructures must be set aside for their repairs and for building of capacity, specifically for coaching the women and the men who will be at the helm of their maintenance and operation (Shaw, Barry Sansbury 2009, p. 388). The water rights quantification has been the focus of various discussions. The circumstance that water has become a limited reserve has led to others debates calling for enforcement of control of water rights. Accordingly, the water right definition normally denotes to essential human needs or basic needs, usually seen as those pertaining to drinking water as well as to the cooking water, and other major domestic water usages. There have been some attempts to link a minimum quantity of water to the fulfillment of these vital or basic water needs (Bakker 2008, p. 241). 2 WATER ETHICS Ethics refer to moral principles for human conduct, but ethical conduct must answer the question à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"why must I be concerned?' to be encompassed from persons and validate the idea of sustainable usage. The utilitarian position recognizes the value in nature because it is useful to human beings. Water is a basic need for humans since it is inferred by the rights to food, life, and health as specified from the UN's human rights universal declaration. In this standpoint, people must worry regarding the disruption of the cycle of w...

Difference Between Twins And Clones Essay - 1193 Words

Subash Khanal ENGLISH 1113 @ TR@ 9:30 Mrs. Smith 8th Dec, 2016 Difference in twins and clones From the very beginning of evolution, human beings have been developing themselves rapidly in physical and mental aspects. With every successful evolutionary era, human beings are found to be somewhat alike to their ancestor. Birth of twins is always a matter of great curiosity in world. Many are amazed with this fact of twining. The fact that contrasts offspring’s being alike to their ancestor is a genetic carrier called DNA. DNA is a double helical structure that is composed of genetic material called chromosomes. Chromosomes found in human body cells are equal in number in each cell and are formed after the cell division and condensation of DNA (charlotte 3). With growing technology and scientific progress artificial twining called cloning is also made possible. But, Identical twins made from biological parents are incomparable to the clones made from a genetic host. Genetic material called Chromosomes carry genetic material from springs to spring with slight variation. During birth unusual division of chromosome can give birth to twins. Twins can be of two types identical twins and fraternal twins. Identical twins look alike but fraternal twins do not. Twining is a biological process. There is another artificial process of making twins that is cloning, which results same as twining. Usually by definition, clones are living organism that has placed themselves in a differentShow MoreRelatedHuman Cloning In Kazuo IshigurosNever Let Me Go : Who Are Humans?1238 Words   |  5 Pagesresidents are drawn out through a state-authorized scientific program of human cloning. The clones alluded to as understudies, experience childhood in, Hailsham, exceptional foundations far from the outside world. As youthful grown-ups, they start to give their crucial organs. All donors get cared and supervised for from assigned carers who are clones who have not yet s tarted the donning procedure. The clones keep on donating organs until they complete, which is a doublespeak for death after the donationRead MoreEssay on Human Cloning is not a Moral Issue985 Words   |  4 Pagesobjection to human cloning is the assumption that science would be playing God if it was to create human clones. Reverend Albert Moraczewski states that cloning is intrinsically morally wrong, is an attempt to play God, and exceeds the limits of the delegated dominion given to the human race. (Madigan, 8) To say that this argument is unclear and unsupported is generous. It refuses to differentiate between cloning and the interruptions of biological processes which are viewed as commonplace in todays societyRead MoreSantos Sarahi Unit 5 Midterm Essay example1222 Words   |  5 Pagesaccept the proven fact that identical twins do not have the same fingerprints. However, human clones present a different set of friction skin development issues. No! Studies have concluded that, even though the fingerprints of identical twins may be very similar, they are not identical. Twins have a very high correlation of loops, whorls and ridges. But the details (for example, where skin ridges meet, divide into branches, or end) differ between twins. Twins share the same genetic makeup (DNA) becauseRead MoreThe Debate Between Nature Vs Nurture1697 Words   |  7 Pagesare or what you will become? The debate between nature versus nurture is trying to figure this out. According to â€Å"Essentials of Psychology†, Jeffrey S. Nevid (2012) Nature versus nurture is the debate about how genetics and nature determine our behavior. In other words, have your attitude, behavior and health problems developed because of how you were raised or who you came from. It is a debate that has stumped psychologists for centuries. The study of twins, both identical and fraternal, have madeRead MoreHuman Cloning Is Not Your Twin1011 Words   |  5 Page ssister am I twin. That would be cool right. Now you are planning out all the fun things you guys are going to do. But sorry to burst your bubble but no you do not have an identical twin. So the question is what is it, because this thing that is standing in front of me looks exactly like me. By now you are all saying am crazy because if am going to say that someone who looks exactly like you is not your twin then am crazy. But yes it is not your twin. So my topic today is not about identical twin my topicRead MoreTwo of Us: Cloning Essay1477 Words   |  6 PagesHave you ever wondered what it would be like if you had twin or even if you had a clone? If you had an illness like diabetes, have you ever wondered what it would be like if you did not? Cloning is the creation of an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another. The first successful clone was in 1997 when scientist Edinburgh cloned Dolly the sheep. She was the first animal to be cloned with an adult somatic cell by usi ng the process of nuclear transfer. She was born on July 5 1996, lived toRead MoreCloning Pros And Cons Of Cloning1147 Words   |  5 PagesCloning Pros Cons Nicole Hedrick Baker College HSC 402A /Dr. Eric Oestmann/Seminar Two Position/Argument Essayâ€Æ' Abstract A clone is where two organisms share the same exact DNA. These two organisms are the same identical replica of each other. In the past, cloning has taken place naturally. For instance, a couple who naturally conceived and gave birth to identical twins or triplets. Today, science and technology has been introduced to where cloning can intentionally be done. Some people see thisRead More The Pros and Cons of Human Cloning Essay3781 Words   |  16 Pageswill discuss both the advantages and the alleged negative consequences of human cloning. What is a Human Clone? A human clone is really just a time-delayed identical twin of another person. Science fiction novels and movies have given people the impression that human clones would be mindless zombies, Frankenstein monsters, or doubles. This is all complete nonsense. Human clones would be human beings just like you and me, not zombies. They would be carried and delivered after nine monthsRead MoreStem Cell Research Vs. Cloning1366 Words   |  6 Pagesare grown in a laboratory rather than a female body. Similarly to stem cell research, cloning propagates the replication of identical cells and organisms. A stem cell’s ability to indefinitely replicate exact copies of itself makes a profound difference in medicine. Unlike specialized cells, stem cells may also be preserved and used later to give rise to specialized cells such as heart muscle cells, nerve cells, blood cells, etc. The specific conditions and factors that allow stem cells to remainRead More Human Cloning Essay5517 Words   |  23 Pagescloning is, and how it works. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The simple definition of a clone is a plant or animal that is genetically identical to another plant or animal. There are many examples of clones in nature. All species that reproduce asexually, such as corals, are producing clones of themselves. Many, if not all, higher plants can reproduce asexually as well, though a process called vegetative propagation. For example, plants

Relationship Between An Individual And The Person

Intro Boundaries give each person a sense of legitimate control in a relationship. Professional boundaries are the limits to the relationship of a worker and a person in their care which allow for a safe, therapeutic connection between the worker and that person (and their nominated partners, family and friends).All formal working relationships need rapport and trust to function well. This is particularly relevant to the relationship between an individual and the person/s who are employed to provide them with home care – carers or support workers. It is certainly important that the carer makes sure client’s feel at ease with approaching and relating to them – but it is equally important that the lines don’t become blurred. This relationship between an individual and their carer, should never come at the expense of maintaining clear professional boundaries. Successful and ethical working relationships are based on a clear understanding of what the carers role is – and just as importantly – what their role isn’t. The work is personal – but carers have to maintain professional boundaries. These boundaries protect the worker from burn out – AND protect the client from having a staff member encroaching on their private affairs Professional Behaviour Staff should never exhibit behaviour that is unprofessional. Unprofessional behaviour includes the subjects already mentioned here but may also include: Being late for shifts Asking you if they can leave a shift early or startShow MoreRelatedJob Satisfaction and Its Consequences1577 Words   |  7 PagesJOB SATISFACTION AND ITS CONSEQUENCES JOB SATISFACTION AND ABSENTEEISM WHY DOESN’T JOB SATISFACTION HAVE A STRONGER RELATIONSHIP WITH ABSENTEEISM? A person may attend work even when dissatisfied with her job because she cannot afford economically to miss work. A person may be absent from his job when satisfied with his job because of a number of reasons such as personal illness, illness of a child, transportation issues (i.e., car broken down). In such circumstances, he may wantRead MoreEssay on Assignment 206 Task a834 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferences between a working relationship and a personal relationship. A working relationship is a relationship where time is spent with both colleagues and service user during working hours. This relationship means there is little or no contact out of working hours. The relationship is strictly professional. On the contrary a personal relationship is where personal life and extracurricular activities and social life become involved with service users and other staff. Working relationships do not allowRead MoreHow Do Men And Women Use Different Nonverbal Cues1287 Words   |  6 Pagesattraction in potential romantic partners? This research question can be applied to anyone that has ever felt attracted to another person. It is a broad topic, in the sense that it applies to both males and females and the findings can be applied to any heterosexual attraction encounter. There is a substantial amount of communication research done on the topic of relationships and marriages. It is a topic that many people are interested in because love and the idea of having and keeping a life partnerRead MoreUnderstand the Principles of Developing Positive Relationships with Children, Young People and Adults1546 Words   |  7 Pagesprofessional relationships with children, young people and adults 1.1 I am going to use the role of a T.A for the purpose of explaining the importance of communication and relationships simply for example purposes. (A) Communication has always been the most important skill when socialising and building relationships with people. When first meeting or approaching an individual, be it a child, young person or adult, body language and facial expressions can form good vibes between individuals. By bearingRead MoreThe Brain Is Wider Than The Sky1416 Words   |  6 Pagesfathom today. This mental state, depression has affected countless people throughout time. To get to our central point, depression causes deterioration in relationships, especially romantic ones. To understand how to mend relationships and build ourselves up as a community, we need to begin a discussion about depression within romantic relationships. It’s time to offer solutions and open communications with one another to help each other in this very human struggle. Depression affects 350 millionRead MoreFirst Impressions Are Not Last Impressions1608 Words   |  7 PagesFirst Impressions are Not Lasting Impressions When you see a person in a wheelchair, a person with no legs, or a person with physical abnormalities what is you reaction? Do you stare with curiosity? Do you pretend to be indifferent and walk by like there is no person there at all? Are you disgusted or stricken with pity? Or do you see them as a person, just like you, living their life the best they know how? Our perception of people are largely based on their physical appearance and often theRead MoreHow Intelligence Did Not Have A Better Effective Working Memory?981 Words   |  4 PagesAnother example is that one person may be better in the mathematical field and another better at english, but this should not determine how much information each person can comprehend and retain. The issue at hand was that I did not know what the actual meaning of intelligence was. I later learned that for one to be intelligent means that he or she has the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills. 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Gifts are things, often material objects, that are exchanged between groups or individuals that have some kind of relationship. The value of this gift is dependent on the nature, significance and goals of the relationship. Commodities are objects that move between people through transactions with minimal interaction or attachment. In this pieceRead MoreThe Theories Of Piaget And Vygotsky933 Words   |  4 Pagesand Vygotsky The following sections explain the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky. Piaget’s Theory Piaget’s theory states that individuals learn from within a person (Lourenco, 2012). Vygotsky’s Theory Vygotsky’s theory states that individuals learn from social interactions (Lourenco, 2012). Similarities in the Theories of Piaget and Vygotsky There are many similarities between the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky. The following sections will discuss the similarities. Genetic Perspective Piaget and Vygotsky

Computer Crime (1896 words) Essay Example For Students

Computer Crime (1896 words) Essay Computer CrimeTHESIS: Laws must be passed to address the increase in the number and types of computercrimes. Over the last twenty years, a technological revolution has occurred as computers are now anessential element of todays society. Large computers are used to track reservations for the airlineindustry, process billions of dollars for banks, manufacture products for industry, and conductmajor transactions for businesses because more and more people now have computers at homeand at the office. People commit computer crimes because of societys declining ethical standards more than anyeconomic need. According to experts, gender is the only bias. The profile of todaysnon-professional thieves crosses all races, age groups and economic strata. Computer criminalstend to be relatively honest and in a position of trust: few would do anything to harm anotherhuman, and most do not consider their crime to be truly dishonest. Most are males: women havetended to be accomplices, though of late they are becoming more aggressive. Computer Criminalstend to usually be between the ages of 14-30, they are u sually bright, eager, highly motivated,adventuresome, and willing to accept technical challenges.(Shannon, 16:2) It is tempting to liken computer criminals to other criminals, ascribing characteristics somehowdifferent from normal individuals, but that is not the case.(Sharp, 18:3) It is believed that the computer criminaloften marches to the same drum as the potential victim but follows and unanticipatedpath.(Blumenthal, 1:2) There is no actual profile of a computer criminal because they range fromyoung teens to elders, from black to white, from short to tall. Definitions of computer crime has changed over the years as the users and misusers of computershave expanded into new areas. When computers were first introduced into businesses, computercrime was defined simply as a form of white-collar crime committed inside a computersystem.(2600:Summer 92,p.13) Some new terms have been added to the computer criminal vocabulary. Trojan Horse is a hiddencode put into a computer program. Log ic bombs are implanted so that the perpetrator doesnthave to physically present himself or herself. (Phrack 12,p.43) Another form of a hidden code issalamis. It came from the big salami loaves sold in delis years ago. Often people would takesmall portions of bites that were taken out of them and then they were secretly returned to theshelves in the hopes that no one would notice them missing.(Phrack 12,p.44) Congress has been reacting to the outbreak of computer crimes. The U.S. House of JudiciaryCommittee approved a bipartisan computer crime bill that was expanded to make it a federalcrime to hack into credit and other data bases protected by federal privacy statutes.(Markoff, B13:1) This bill is generally creating several categories of federal misdemeanor felonies forunauthorized access to computers to obtain money, goods or services or classified information. This also applies to computers used by the federal government or used in interstate of foreigncommerce which would cover any system accessed by interstate telecommunication systems. Computer crime often requires more sophistications than people realize it.(Sullivan, 40:4) ManyU.S. businesses have ended up in bankruptcy court unaware that they have been victimized bydisgruntled employees. American businesses wishes that the computer security nightmare wouldvanish like a fairy tale. Information processing has grown into a gigantic industry. It accounted for$33 billion in services in 1983, and in 1988 it was accounted to be $88 billion. (Blumenthal, B1:2) All this information is vulnerable to greedy employees, nosy-teenagers and general carelessness,yet no one knows whether the sea of computer crimes is only as big as the Gulf of Mexico or ashuge as the North Atlantic. (Blumenthal,B 1:2) Vulnerability is likely to increase in the future. Andby the turn of the century, nearly all of the software to run computers will be bought from vendorsrather than developed in houses, standardized software will make theft easier. (Carley, A 1:1) A two-year secret service investigation code-named Operation Sun-Devil, targeted companies allover the United States and led to numerous seizures. Critics of Operation Sun-Devil claim that theSecret Service and the FBI, which have almost a similar operation, have conducted unreasonablesearch and seizures, they disrupted the lives and livelihoods of many people, and generallyconducted themselves in an unconstitutional manner. My whole life changed because of thatoperation. They charged me and I had to take them to court. I have to thank 2600 and EmmanuelGoldstein for publishing my story. I owe a lot to the fellow hackers and fellow hackers and theElectronic Frontier Foundation for coming up with the blunt of the legal fees so we could fight forour rights. (Interview with Steve Jackson, fellow hacker, who was charged in operation SunDevil) The case of Steve Jackson Games vs. Secret Service has yet to come to a verdict yet butshould very soon. The secret service seized all of Steve Jacksons computer materials which hemade a living on. They charged that he made games that published information on how to commitcomputer crimes. He was being charged with running a underground hack system. I told them itwas only a game and that I was angry and that was the way that I tell a story. I never thoughtHacker would cause such a problem. My biggest problem was that theyseized the BBS (Bulletin Board System) and because of that I had to make drastic cuts, so we laidof eight people out of 18. If the Secret Service had just come with a subpoena we could haveshowed or copied every file in the building for them.(Steve Jackson Interview) Computer professionals are grappling not only with issues of free speech and civil liberties, butalso with how to educate the public and the media to the difference between on-line computerexperimenter s. They also point out that, while the computer networks and the results are a newkind of crime, they are protected by the same laws and freedom of any real world domain. A 14-year old boy connects his home computer to a television line, and taps into the computer athis neighborhood bank and regularly transfers money into his personnel account.(2600:Spring93,p.19) On paper and on screens a popular new mythology is growing quickly in whichcomputer criminals are the Butch Cassidys of the electronic age. These true tales of computercapers are far from being futuristic fantasies.(2600:Spring 93:p.19) They are inspired by scores ofreal life cases. Computer crimes are not just crimes against the computer, but it is also against thetheft of money, information, software, benefits and welfare and many more. With the average damage from a computer crime amounting to about $.5 million, sophisticatedcomputer crimes can rock the industry.(Phrack 25,p.6) Computer crimes can take on manyforms. Swi ndling or stealing of money is one of the most common computer crime. An example ofthis kind of crime is the Well Fargo Bank that discovered an employee was using the bankscomputer to embezzle $21.3 million, it is the largest U.S. electronic bank fraud on record. (Phrack23,p.46) Credit Card scams are also a type of computer crime. This is one that fears many people and forgood reasons. A fellow computer hacker that goes by the handle of Raven is someone who useshis computer to access credit data bases. In a talk that I had with him he tried to explain what hedid and how he did it. He is a very intelligent person because he gained illegal access to a creditdata base and obtained the credit history of local residents. He then allegedly uses the residentsnames and credit information to apply for 24 Mastercards and Visa cards. He used the cards toissue himself at least 40,000 in cash from a number of automatic teller machines. He was caughtonce but was only withdrawing $200 and in was a minor larceny and they couldnt prove that hewas the one who did the other ones so he was put on probation. I was 17 and I needed moneyand the people in the underground taught me many things. I would not go back and not do what Idid but I would try not to get caught next time. I am the leader of HTH (High Tech Hoods) andwe are currently devising other ways to make money. If it werent for my computer my life wouldbe nothing like it is today.(Interview w/Raven) Finally, one of the thefts involving the computer is the theft of computer time. Most of us dontrealize this as a crime, but the congress consider this as a crime.(Ball,V85) Everyday people areurged to use the computer but sometimes the use becomes excessive or improper or both. Forexample, at most colleges computer time is thought of as free-good students and faculty oftencomputerizes mailing lists for their churches or fraternity organizations which might be written off asgood public relations. But, use of the computers for p rivate consulting projects without payment ofthe university is clearly improper. In business it is the similar. Management often looks the other way when employees playcomputer games or generate a Snoopy calendar. But, if this becomes excessive the employees isstealing work time. And computers can only process only so many tasks at once. Althoughconsidered less severe than other computer crimes such activities can represent a major businessloss. While most attention is currently being given to the criminal aspects of computer abuses, it is likelythat civil action will have an equally important effect on long term security problems.(Alexander,V119) The issue of computer crimes draw attention to the civil or liability aspects in computingenvironments. In the future there may tend to be more individual and class action suits. .ue1dab71a7c8e34bf2ec821da4de20d66 , .ue1dab71a7c8e34bf2ec821da4de20d66 .postImageUrl , .ue1dab71a7c8e34bf2ec821da4de20d66 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue1dab71a7c8e34bf2ec821da4de20d66 , .ue1dab71a7c8e34bf2ec821da4de20d66:hover , .ue1dab71a7c8e34bf2ec821da4de20d66:visited , .ue1dab71a7c8e34bf2ec821da4de20d66:active { border:0!important; } .ue1dab71a7c8e34bf2ec821da4de20d66 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue1dab71a7c8e34bf2ec821da4de20d66 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue1dab71a7c8e34bf2ec821da4de20d66:active , .ue1dab71a7c8e34bf2ec821da4de20d66:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue1dab71a7c8e34bf2ec821da4de20d66 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue1dab71a7c8e34bf2ec821da4de20d66 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue1dab71a7c8e34bf2ec821da4de20d66 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue1dab71a7c8e34bf2ec821da4de20d66 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue1dab71a7c8e34bf2ec821da4de20d66:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue1dab71a7c8e34bf2ec821da4de20d66 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue1dab71a7c8e34bf2ec821da4de20d66 .ue1dab71a7c8e34bf2ec821da4de20d66-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue1dab71a7c8e34bf2ec821da4de20d66:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Writing Literary Works EssayCONCLUSION Computer crimes are fast and growing because the evolution of technology is fast, but theevolution of law is slow. While a variety of states have passed legislation relating to computercrime, the situation is a national problem that requires a national solution. Controls can be institutedwithin industries to prevent such crimes. Protection measures such as hardware identification,access controls software and disconnecting critical bank applications should be devised. However, computers dont commit crimes; people do. The perpetrators best advantage isignorance on the part of those protecting the system. Proper internal controls reduce theopportunity for fraud. BIBLIOGRAPHYAlexander, Charles, Crackdown on Computer Capers, Time, Feb. 8, 1982, V119. Ball, Leslie D., Computer Crime, Technology Review, April 1982, V85. Blumenthal,R. Going Undercover in the Computer Underworld. New York Times, Jan. 26,1993, B, 1:2. Carley, W. As Computers Flip, People Lose Grip in Saga of Sabatoge at Printing Firm. WallStreet Journal, Aug. 27, 1992, A, 1:1. Carley, W. In-House Hackers: Rigging Computers for Fraud or Malice Is Often an Inside Job. Wall Street Journal, Aug 27, 1992, A, 7:5. Markoff, J. Hackers Indicted on Spy Charges. New York Times, Dec. 8, 1992, B, 13:1. Finn, Nancy and Peter, Dont Rely on the Law to Stop Computer Crime, Computer World,Dec. 19, 1984, V18. Phrack Magazine issues 1-46. Compiled by Knight Lightning and Phiber Optik. Shannon, L R. THe Happy Hacker. New York Times, Mar. 21, 1993, 7, 16:2. Sharp, B. The Hacker Crackdown. New York Times, Dec. 20, 1992, 7, 18:3. Sullivan, D. U.S. Charges Young Hackers. New York Times, Nov. 15, 1992, 1, 40:4. 2600: The Hacker Quarterly. Issues Summer 92-Spring 93. Compiled by Emmanuel